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EARTH METROPOLIS AFRICAN ART

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FOUR LARGE WEST AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS in the SAHEL and DESERT


Tuareg Scholar Reading Manuscript*	Timbucktu Civilization contributed Public Education & global trade	Malian Man from Timbucktu * Click here to find out what we do. *

GAO SONGHAI CITIZENS GAINST THE WALL
This is what's left of Goa Empire. We don't know what it was famous for yet and we don't have dates for the rize and fall of the empire.



UNIT of WEIGHT MEASURE / GHANA (REPUBLIC)	SONGHAI CITIZEN	MALIAN MERCHANTS with SCALE & WEIGHTS

A similar unit of weight measure was used in Acient Ghana*	* Click here to go to menu *	Merchants using a Ghanain weight measuring system*




This photo was printed in a childrens journal and may not be reliable.	This is the system in Ghana (Republic) that the Akan people use.	This is what gold dust looks like.

LITERACY OPEN DOORS to TRADE OVER SEAS	ALMORAVID DYNASTY	END RESULTS of SONGHAI EXPANSION
Public education made it possible for more Malians to read and write. © Dariusz Wiejaczka Fotolia	INDIA/ARABIC NUMERALS , Arabic umerals are used globally Mali managed to obtain the use of them early.	Salt was valued as much as gold. When salt arrived in Mali it was put into smaller packages for clientele to purchase and transport further south.

CAMEL CARAVANS WERE USED TO TRANSPORT SALT SLABS AND OTHER GOODS



BY CAMEL CARAVAN to WESTERN SAVANNA		LADIES TRANSPORTING SALT in BUCKETS
	SONGHAI LADY Line of Products
The camel caravan croses the Sahara Desert & Sahel The trail ends at the edge of Western Savanna		From the Western Savanna Salt makes its way south along the Niger River. Women from towns and villages transport the salt to open markets.





GHANA CIVILIZATION WAS THE FIRST WEST AFRICAN EMPIRE
Ghana contributed a standard weights and measure system. Ghanaians were the first West Africans to recieved knowlege of iron smelting from Nile Valley. This enabled Ghana to make superior weapons* for defeating their neighbors, thus incresing the size Ghana Empire.

GHANA'S 1st CAPITOL was KUMBI SALEH	TWO GHANAS	GHANA KUMBI SALEH RUINS EXCAVATION

This is Ghana's first Capitol in the Republic of Mauritania	There are 2 Ghanas in Africa	Gao excavation in process of the royal palace floor plan

KUMBI RUINS UNDER CONSTRUCTION		GHANA KUMBI SALEH RUINS EXCAVATION
	TWO GHANAS Fulani Woman from Mali From here to Accountant * *
This is Ghana's first Capitol in the Republic of Mauritania		Gao excavation in process of the royal palace floor plan


KUMBI RUINS UNDER CONSTRUCTION		GHANA KUMBI SALEH RUINS EXCAVATION
	TWO GHANAS Fulani Woman from Mali
This is Ghana's first Capitol in the Republic of Mauritania		Gao excavation in process of the royal palace floor plan

GHANA CIVILIZATION WAS THE FIRST WEST AFRICAN EMPIRE








MALI WAS THE SECOND WEST AFRICAN EMPIRE		MALI WAS THE 1st EMPIRE TO PROVIDE PUBLIC EDUCATION

	TUAREG LADY SONGHAI EMPIRE
Acient Mali Empire was spread over several present day West African Republics.		If that is a gold coin and not a gold nugget in Musa's hand; then where did the coin come from? There is no record of a coin mint in Mali Empire.

	TUAREG LADY GHANA EMPIRE
Acient Mali Empire was spread over several present day West African Republics. © Dariusz Wiejaczka Fotolia		This is the back view of the Sankore Mosque.

GREAT MOSQUE OF DJENE IS A WEST AFRICAN SPIRITUAL CENTER The African Diaspora Festivals Should Be Held Annual In Djene and Timbuktu




GAO KING ASKIA'S TOMB	GAO CITIZEN	GAO ROYAL PALACE RUINS EXCAVATION

This is what is left of the Acient Gao Empire	I will take you to Mali Timbuktu * *	Gao excavation in process of the royal palace floor plan



Map of Ancient Ghana Empire	Ghana Replacement States	Songhai Civilization / Songhai Empire








SONGHAI GREAT MOSQUE of DJENNE	SONGHAI MOSQUE	SONGHAI GREAT MOSQUE of DJENNE MALI (REP.)

Songhai Great Mosque in Djenne Mali (Mali Repulic) Western Civilization Architects and Engineers are Studing Western Niger Engineering in order to Produce Real Green Energy Instead of Fake Green Energy.	Songhai Great Mosque in Djenne Mali. Anthropologist interview a Master Mason to Find Out How They Learned to Build.	In This Topic of The Great Mosque We How Labor is Managged and the Builders are Trained.

	SONGHAI LADY GAO
Map of the Collapsing Ancient Songhai and Mali Empires. There are people hiding in there that we won't see until after 1625.*	Songhai Great Mosque	Songhai Empire after its collapse in 1625; Look at all of those people who were hiding in there. Most of those people you and I know, but we didn't know they existed until after 1530.



SONGHAI GREAT MOSQUE of DJENNE MARKET PLACE		TIMBUKTU CITY in MALI (REPUBLIC)
	SONGHAI LADY Line of Products WOAABE LADY To The Bottom
Songai Market in Dienne Mali (Republic)		Timbuktu City in the Sahel and Sahara Desert

BASKET VINDORS in TIMBUKTU MALI	MOLIAN CITIZEN	POTTERY MARKET in TIMBUKTU

Songhai Market Basket Vendors with baskets and round mats. Similar designs are made in other West African countries.	Songhai Lady in Dienne Mali (Republic)*	Clay pot constuction is the same in West Africa from Sahel in the North to the Dry-Rain Forest in the South

SUBAN and DJERMA CLOTH		TEXTILE FABRIC/CLOTH is MONEY
	LADY SONGHAI Accountant
Suban and Djerma cloth


MARKET TRADE IN GOLD DUST WAS LUCRTIVE		DEMAND FOR SALT & THERE IS NEVER ENOUGH
	FULANI LADY Tansporting Goods
This s what gold dust looks like in the palms of a person's hands		This is what large blocks of salt look like.


BOOKS WERE HAND COPPIED AND SOLD		BRASS RODS WERE TRASPORTED TO MALI
	TUAREG LADY SONGAI EMPIRE	Tuareg camel caravans transported brass rods from East Africa to Mali and Sonhai Empires
Masadonian Ptolomy colonial business, rulers of Egypt were the first to develop this type of enterprise which lasted during their reign from 305 BC to 30 BC


SLAVERY DEVALUES YOUR HUMAN RESOURCE		IVORY POACHING IS DEPLETING THE ELEPHANTS
	SONGHAI LADY We fell Appart Gao EMPIRE
In any society your human resource is your most valued commodity; Wreck it and you are doomed for failure. © Claude Lockhart Clark Jabuary 10, 2024.		Lost opportunities and wasted opportunities may never be recovered.


WESTERN ASIAN COTTON GROWN IN AFRICA		KOLA NUT IS A DRUG
	SONGHAI LADY MALI EMPIRE
Planting, cultivation, spining and weaving of cotton in East Africa has been in practice for an estamated five thousand years. West Africans use the same cotton		Stay away from this stuff. It was a big source of revenue during the Ghana Empire


SONHAI MILLET FARMING		CAT FISH FROM THE NIGER RIVER
	TUAREG LADY GHANA EMPIRE>
Millet products are a stappel diet of Songhai and Malian people the same as rice and yams are in other countries.		This is one of many Niger river types of Oxydoras Catfish. There are many other types of fish in the Niger river as well.


NIGER GROWN TOMATOES		NIGER GROWN ONIONS
	SONGHAI LADY Line of Products
This is what Niger tomatoes look like. They are one of the stapple food product in this area. It has been that way for several hundred years.		This what Niger onions look like. They are one of the stapple food product in this area. It has been that way for several hundred years.


NIGER RIVER GROWN RICE		DATES IN ASIA NORTH AFRICA
	MUSGUM HOUSE ARCHITECTURE




STONE AGAINST METAL		LOOM WEAVING
	BELLOWS KUBA ZAIRE


BASKET WEAVING SENEGAL		YORUBA WOODCARVER/NIGERIA
	GULLAH GEECHEE BASKET SWEETGRASS IN AMERICAS


NET FISHING ON NIGER RIVER		VESELS FOR TRANSPORT & CARGO
	BAULE LOOM BAULE ART


EGUS WATERMELON IN MALI		FULANI CATTLE ON THE NIGER
DOMESTIC DESERT PLANT	SONGHAI LADY Line of Products


BAOBAB TREE OF LIFE		BAOBAB FRUIT IN BARKINA FASO
BARKINA FASO	DAN MASK PORO SOCIETY	HUMAN HEALTH & ECO SYSTEM




WEST AFRICAN ARABIC LITERACY		MOSQUES SERVED AS MEDIATORS
	ARABIC NUMERAL CLOCK Go back to the top
Along with the teachings of Islam Muslims were required to speak Arabic. Mali went one step further. They saw Arabic as a vehicle to gain access to the outside world by making as many Malian citizens "literate" as possible. © CLC 2024		Mali civilization was an empire of many religions/ spiritual beliefs and sought to preserve their cultural heritages by integrating Islam into their own belief systems © CLC 2024

FOUR LARGE WEST AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS in the SAHEL and DESERT

PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY of GHANAN / MALIAN PRAGMATISM: After the fall of the Ghana Empire; Niger Civilizations remained on the defensive from 600 AD to 1530 AD; a little over 800 years.

Niger Civilization is a much larger geographical area than the three West African Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhia put together. It was made larger partly due to the combined efforts of European Colonial powers defining political boundaries of West African Nations, which they continued to control. Most of the West African Republics can be found along the Niger River Valley and its tributaries. It is those countries along the Niger River and its tributaries that comprise Niger Valley Civilization.

The area surrounding the upper Niger River was composed of human agriculture settlements with a few nomadic tribesmen and hunting / gathering people.

Ghana began as an agrarian Stone Age culture around 300 AD and about one hundred years later Ghanaians learned to smelt iron in order to forge superior farm tools; augmented with other iron equipment and weapons. In addition to weapons Ghanaians politically were better organized. Their neighbors only had sticks and stones for weapons. The Ghanaians were equipped with superior tools and organization skills. Many of Ghanaian's adversaries would not submit voluntarily to Ghanaian policies; so that was when all hell broke loose and the first West African Empire emerged. © Claude Lockart Clark January 14th 2024.